A good free introduction to C++ is learncpp.com. The chapters are numbered, so you can just follow the designated order. For a video series covering a multitude if C++ topics, check out TheChernoProject.

On a scale of 1 to 10, how close is this to an ideal program written in modern C++ (I'm guessing pretty low).
Well, with the exception of std::cout, your code is entirely C.