I used to work for a company called Bath Iron Works (I believe now a part of a company called General Dynamics since I've left). Although my job there was not design, I was able to see various "simulation" programs in the design phase of various ships. Surprisingly, the most commonly used language at the time to write and control the in-house simulations that I saw was ada (which I don't have any experience with by the way). I don't know if ada is a language designed for simulations (like list programming language is evidently designed for artificial intelligence).
Another neat 'language' that I've seen is the Adaptive Modeling Language
http://www.technosoft.com/aml.php
it basically is an API for engineering design. This, and some other software (tecpilot), is how I got into graphics and programming (although I have done no professional work with AML).