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absence of type, meaning no return should be made.
Functions have types. A type can be anything from int to double to string to an abstract object that you created. These function should ( or must ) return something as a result. In contrast, a function whose type is "void" mustn't return anything, and in fact the compiler will complain if you try to make it so.
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floating-point number, capable of integer, fractional and exponential values
Ignore the "floating-point" for the moment.
integer = ( 0, 1, 2, ... ) and their negatives
fractional = ( 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, 1/5, ... ) and their negatives
exponential = ( 10¹, 10², 10³, ...) and their negatives, taking 10 as base.
A "double" can be any possible combination between the above ( if it's precision allows it of course ).
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accurate as "float", but on x86 systems is always at least double that precision.
at least 16-bits, but in many modern systems it's 32-bits in size (size of what?
Ignore and ignore, you'll learn of these soon enough.
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variables, constants, functions or cast between types...
A variable is something that it's value can be changed, a constant is the opposite. A function is a set of "canned" instructions that can be executed, as a separate unit, from anywhere ( well, kinda ). Casting you'll learn about that too as you move on, it basically convert one type into another...
Phew... :)