to lower or to upper that is the question!

I'm getting strange output when I print a conversion to upper and lower....here it is:

22. Testing: CaseString class.

s22 "BaLLooN" String Length: 7
Lower Case:
büllÅÅn
Upper Case:

t22 "BaLLooN" String Length: 7
Lower Case:
büllÅÅn
Upper Case:

u22 "BaLLooN" String Length: 7
Lower Case:
büllÅÅn
Upper Case:


Press any key to continue.



I have no idea why, I'm staring at the msdn and it looks like I'm doing everything right m_buf is coming from a String class of which this Case class is derived. Just an ordinary string buffer.....

Code:

---

#include "stdafx.h"
#include "string.h"
#include "case.h"

Case::Case() : String()
{
}

Case::Case(const Case& cs) : String(cs)
{
}

Case::Case(char* str) : String(str)
{
}

Case::~Case()
{
        if(NULL != m_name)
        {
                delete[]m_name;
                m_name=NULL;
        }
        if(NULL != m_buf)
        {
                delete[]m_buf;
                m_buf=NULL;
        }
}



Case& Case::operator=(const Case& cs)
{
        if(this == &cs)
  {
          return *this;
  }
        String::operator=(cs);
        m_length = cs.m_length;
        if(NULL != m_buf)
        {
                delete[]m_buf;
                m_buf = NULL;
        }
    m_buf = new char[m_length + 1];
        strcpy_s(m_buf, m_length + 1, cs.m_buf);
           
        return *this;
}

void Case::print()
{
        m_lower = m_buf;
        m_upper = m_buf;

        cout << m_name << " \""<< m_buf << "\"  String Length: " << getLength() << endl;
       
        cout << "Lower Case: " << endl;
        if(isupper (*m_lower))
        {
                for( m_lower; m_lower < m_buf + strlen(m_buf); m_lower++ )
                {
                        putchar( _tolower( *m_lower ) );
                }
        }

        cout << endl;

        cout << "Upper Case: "<< m_lower<< endl;

        if(islower (*m_upper))
        {
                for( m_upper; m_upper < m_buf + strlen(m_buf); m_upper++ )
                {
                        putchar( _toupper( *m_upper ) );
                }
        }

        cout << endl;
       

}

 Am I just messing the obvious???

---

A few things, yeah.
First, String is probably not intended to be derived from.
Second, "string.h" is not a good idea in C++. Use <string> for the C++ std::string class or <cstring> for the C-style string manipulation functions.
"stdafx.h" is not a good idea out of principle in exercises. (But you'll get errors if you remove it. You must also disable precompiled headers in your project settings.)
Furthermore, it looks, to me, like Case is messing with the members of String in the copy constructor, destructor and/or copy assignment operator. The three also behave inconsistently, as do the other two constructors. What is m_name? Where is it initialized? What about m_buf?
What about m_lower and m_upper - why are they members? They look like local variables to me.
Why do you mix C-style and C++-style I/O? (putchar and cout) That's generally not a good idea.
What is _tolower()? What's wrong with the standard tolower() from <cctype> or the one from <locale>?
Also, you should compute the length of the string once and store it in a local variable. Calling strlen() over and over is a waste of cycles.

If I were to guess at the observed problem, it's that the _tolower() is poorly implemented and doesn't check whether the character passed actually is an upper-case letter before adding the ASCII offset to it. And since you only call isupper() for the very first character instead of each one, as you probably meant to ...

String is set up to be derived from...m_name, m_length and m_buf are protected member variables of String....as for String.h I can't help that it's part of the project parameters. I understand what you're saying about repeated calls to strlen and I'm going to fix that.

Can I use the pointer *m_lower to use the tolower() function?? for example cout << (tolower(*m_lower))? I copied that little bit of code trying to change to upper or lower from the MSDN almost exactly just substituting my variables. Normally I would just run a little loop taking the index of the buffer and running a tolower() on it, but I'm forced to use the pointer as part of the project parameters....

Yes, you can.

The real question is, what is the implementation of _tolower? Did you write it?

As I said I just looked up convert to lowercase in the MSDN and the _tolower function came up and I took a look at the example and tried to use that....

> m_lower = m_buf;
> m_upper = m_buf;
You never set up m_buf in any of your constructors. The only place you allocate it is in your assignment operator.

m_buf is a member of the String base class, so it should be initialized in the base class constructor. Instead of this line:

Code:

---

putchar( _tolower( *m_lower ) );

---

Try

Code:

---

cout << "Letter: " << *m_lower << " lowercase: " << _tolower(*m_lower) << '\n';

---

Then show us the output.

>m_buf is a member of the String base class, so it should be initialized in the base class constructor.
Yeah, I think you're right, but do you have any idea why it's being deleted in the destructor of Case?

Do you have any idea why it's protected in the first place? No data should ever be anything but private, except in trivial structs.

>Do you have any idea why it's protected in the first place?
Well it's being used in the assignment (=) operator. Is that a good reason? :confused:

No - it shouldn't be used in the assignment operator. In fact, it shouldn't be used anywhere except in String's direct, own members. To but it bluntly, the design of String is just broken.

>No - it shouldn't be used in the assignment operator.
Ok, I had a sneaking suspicion that might be the case.

You are right that it should not be deleted in the destructor. Also, making it protected is bad design, but I wouldn't be surprised if that was part of the assignment (this appears to be the same/similar to warfang's assignment).

However, I think the problem is with _tolower. On MSVC++, _tolower('a') returns &#252;, while tolower('a') returns a. To solve the problem just switch to tolower.

I think that MSVC's _tolower() is used when you know that its argument is uppercase, whereas the standard function tolower() can be used with any argument. That is, here are minimalistic (and unportable) implementations:

Code:

---

int _tolower(int c) {
    return c-'A'+'a';
}

int tolower(int c) {
    if(c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z') c = c-'A'+'a';

    return c;
}

---

I just checked, and it is the case: http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/.../_tolower.html

>I think that MSVC's _tolower() is used when you know that its argument is uppercase
Now that you mention it, if you look at the output posted, that is exactly what's happening. And I bet the reason Upper Case is blank is due to the delete in the destructor.

No, the reason is that the upper case part is only called if the first character of the string is lowercase.

>No, the reason is that the upper case part is only called if the first character of the string is lowercase.
I'm referring to this in the original post:

Quote:

---

s22 "BaLLooN" String Length: 7
Lower Case:
büllÅÅn
Upper Case:

t22 "BaLLooN" String Length: 7
Lower Case:
büllÅÅn
Upper Case:

u22 "BaLLooN" String Length: 7
Lower Case:
büllÅÅn
Upper Case:

---

Notice the conspicuous absense of any Upper Case: output.

Right, that happens because when this runs:

Code:

---

cout << "Upper Case: "<< m_lower<< endl;

---

m_lower points to the null terminator. Then, when this runs:

Code:

---

if(islower (*m_upper))

---

it is false because *m_upper is 'B' which is not lowercase, so the for loop does not get run to convert to uppercase, as CornedBee mentioned.

>it is false because *m_upper is 'B' which is not lowercase
Ah yes, I see now.

I have another problem...

I have an overloaded << operator that won't work with external ofstream csis(csis is just a text file)...the errror I"m getting is:

c:\documents and settings\hp_administrator\my documents\visual studio 2005\projects\stringstuff\case.cpp(62) : error C2678: binary '<<' : no operator found which takes a left-hand operand of type 'std::ofstream' (or there is no acceptable conversion)

my simple little function looks like this:

Code:

---

ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, String& str)
{
        os << str.getBuf() << endl;
        return os;
}

---

where the declaration is:

friend ostream& operator<<(ostream&, const String& str);


Anyone?? Anyone??? I have not the slightest clue.... I hope that's enough information too::

See: http://cboard.cprogramming.com/showt...196#post638196