Hi Salem, I think thats useful. I can see that there maybe some passwords which, when tested against an encrypted test password, will match but the resulting decrypted data will be garbage. I'm not sure it answers my question, or at least I don't follow.

Can I re-phrase my question.

I save a document in MS Word using password protection. The document will be encrypted. If I then go to open the document, but enter the wrong password, MS Word tells me I've entered an incorrect password. How does it know it is an incorrect password?