riiight...int division results in an integer response with the remainder truncated. If the divisor was smaller than the numerator it would have given me an int, but that's not the case here....i see. this is an example in a book that wants both populations to be of type long...even if i have the answer as a float and its <1% the data would still be truncated. At least that's what I'm getting. Is there a way to get around that....while keeping both populations as long? Sorry if it's obvioius but I've been in thinking mode all day. I could just be tired