Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <unistd.h>
int main() {
int c, fd;
fd = open("test", O_WRONLY);
close(1);
dup(fd);
printf("dog\n");
printf("The other buffers represented are associated with the standard streams, and for efficiency are only allocated on first use of these streams. There are 3 standard streams (stdin, stdout, stderr) created automatically for nearly all unix programs by the C library (libc) at the start of program execution, and new streams can be created to connect to files, sockets, pipes, ...To control how data is read/written from these buffers one can control both the buffer sizes and modes (Unbuffered, Buffered, Line Buffered). To determine the characteristics of the buffering automatically applied to the standard streams I used this program, which indicated the following: The other buffers represented are associated with the standard streams, and for efficiency are only allocated on first use of these streams. There are 3 standard streams (stdin, stdout, stderr) created automatically for nearly all unix programs by the C library (libc) at the start of program execution, and new streams can be created to connect to files, sockets, pipes, ...To control how data is read/written from these buffers one can control both the buffer sizes and modes (Unbuffered, Buffered, Line Buffered). To determine the characteristics of the buffering automatically applied to the standard streams I used this program, which indicated the following:The other buffers represented are associated with the standard streams, and for efficiency are only allocated on first use of these streams. There are 3 standard streams (stdin, stdout, stderr) created automatically for nearly all unix programs by the C library (libc) at the start of program execution, and new streams can be created to connect to files, sockets, pipes, ...To control how data is read/written from these buffers one can control both the buffer sizes and modes (Unbuffered, Buffered, Line Buffered). To determine the characteristics of the buffering automatically applied to the standard streams I used this program, which indicated the following:The other buffers represented are associated with the standard streams, and for efficiency are only allocated on first use of these streams. There are 3 standard streams (stdin, stdout, stderr) created automatically for nearly all unix programs by the C library (libc) at the start of program execution, and new streams can be created to connect to files, sockets, pipes, ...To control how data is read/written from these buffers one can control both the buffer sizes and modes (Unbuffered, Buffered, Line Buffered). To determine the characteristics of the buffering automatically applied to the standard streams I used this program, which indicated the following:The other buffers represented are associated with the standard streams, and for efficiency are only allocated on first use of these streams. There are 3 standard streams (stdin, stdout, stderr) created automatically for nearly all unix programs by the C library (libc) at the start of program execution, and new streams can be created to connect to files, sockets, pipes, ...To control how data is read/written from these buffers one can control both the buffer sizes and modes (Unbuffered, Buffered, Line Buffered). To determine the characteristics of the buffering automatically applied to the standard streams I used this program, which indicated the following: The other buffers represented are associated with the standard streams, and for efficiency are only allocated on first use of these streams. There are 3 standard streams (stdin, stdout, stderr) created automatically for nearly all unix programs by the C library (libc) at the start of program execution, and new streams can be created to connect to files, sockets, pipes, ...To control how data is read/written from these buffers one can control both the buffer sizes and modes (Unbuffered, Buffered, Line Buffered). To determine the characteristics of the buffering automatically applied to the standard streams I used this program, which indicated the following:The other buffers represented are associated with the standard streams, and for efficiency are only allocated on first use of these streams. There are 3 standard streams (stdin, stdout, stderr) created automatically for nearly all unix programs by the C library (libc) at the start of program execution, and new streams can be created to connect to files, sockets, pipes, ...To control how data is read/written from these buffers one can control both the buffer sizes and modes (Unbuffered, Buffered, Line Buffered). To determine the characteristics of the buffering automatically applied to the standard streams I used this program, which indicated the following:The other buffers represented are associated with the standard streams, and for efficiency are only allocated on first use of these streams. There are 3 standard streams (stdin, stdout, stderr) created automatically for nearly all unix programs by the C library (libc) at the start of program execution, and new streams can be created to connect to files, sockets, pipes, ...To control how data is read/written from these buffers one can control both the buffer sizes and modes (Unbuffered, Buffered, Line Buffered). To determine the characteristics of the buffering automatically applied to the standard streams I used this program, which indicated the following:The other buffers represented are associated with the standard streams, and for efficiency are only allocated on first use of these streams. There are 3 standard streams (stdin, stdout, stderr) created automatically for nearly all unix programs by the C library (libc) at the start of program execution, and new streams can be created to connect to files, sockets, pipes, ...To control how data is read/written from these buffers one can control both the buffer sizes and modes (Unbuffered, Buffered, Line Buffered). To determine the characteristics of the buffering automatically applied to the standard streams I used this program, which indicated the following:The other buffers represented are associated with the standard streams, and for efficiency are only allocated on first use of these streams. There are 3 standard streams (stdin, stdout, stderr) created automatically for nearly all unix programs by the C library (libc) at the start of program execution, and new streams can be created to connect to files, sockets, pipes, ...To control how data is read/written from these buffers one can control both the buffer sizes and modes (Unbuffered, Buffered, Line Buffered). To determine the characteristics of the buffering automatically applied to the standard streams I used this program, which indicated the following:END!!\n");
printf("hello\n");
write(1, "WORLD\n", 6);
return 1;
}
When the printf buffer is full, it is flushed to stdout printing the buffer that in this case contains "dog" and the <big text>, next it prints "WORLD", next it prints the rest of the <big text> and"hello":