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I think that the important question to ask is: what does the Ciphertext class model?

Admittedly, I did not look very closely into the given code, but now I see that the Ciphertext class seems to...

That would be implementation detail. The output_ciphertext_screen() member function is sufficient.


One way would be to overload operator<< for std::ostream such that you can write:

std::cout...

You need to create a Ciphertext object and call output_ciphertext_screen using it. Of course the key variable also should be defined.

int main()
{
Ciphertext cipher_text;
...