Encapsulation in C++

So talking about the object-oriented paradigm of encapsulation, what are ways to implement it and ways to break it.

From my experiences, structures and classes with private/protected members, and namespaces were ways to hide data and behaviours.

Static objects/functions implemented in classes break encapsulation and data-hiding.

Are there more ways to do either?

breaking encapsulation

Code:

---

      class MyClass
      {
            private:
              int a ;
            public:
                int & getA()
                {
                    return a;
                }
      };
      int main()
      {
          MyClass myClass;
          myClass.getA() = 10;
      }

---

That is one way i think

btw...i don't think static object breaks encapsulation.. Just make it a const, and good luck trying to modify the mother...

Now that i think about it, static doesnt necessarily break encapsulation. It can be a private static variable/function and other objects cant access it.
I have never worked with a const static variable/function. Could you give me an example of how it would be used? (wouldn't #define potentially do the same thing?)

Also, you do make a good point with using a class field to return the reference of a class member. I never recognized it as breaking encapsulation.

Quote:

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Static objects/functions implemented in classes break encapsulation and data-hiding.

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False. State shared between instances of an object potentially complicates the implementation in the face of threading and such, but it doesn't necessarily have an effect on encapsulation.

Soma