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Hi all.
I have been learning from my book and you gurus on this message board what Vertices and Indices are and why do i need an abstract custom Vertex structure... Mayby you can help me a bit more.
Since you guys helped me understand a bit more about DirectX it has gone smoothly until i completed my spinning cube project from the book.
I don't get any errors or warnings... but the cube never displays.
Here is the code... It is quite long, so scan through it if you can.
d3dUtility.h
d3dSetup.cppCode:/*d3dUtility.h*/ #include <d3dx9.h> namespace d3d /*Create a new namespace called d3d*/ { /*Delcare some functions*/ bool InitD3D( HINSTANCE hInstance, /*Application instance*/ int width, int height, /*Window width & height in pixels*/ bool windowed, /*Windowed?*/ D3DDEVTYPE deviceType, /*HAL or REF*/ IDirect3DDevice9** device); /*The Device*/ int EnterMsgLoop( bool (*ptr_display)(float timeDelta)); LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc( HWND hwnd, /*Window handle*/ UINT Msg, /*Message handle*/ WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam); template<class T> void Release(T t) { if(t) { t->Release(); t = 0; } } template<class T> void Delete(T t) { if(t) { delete t; t = 0; } } }
d3dInit.cppCode:/*3d3Setup.cpp*/ #include "d3dUtility.h" bool d3d::InitD3D( HINSTANCE hInstance, /*Application instance*/ int width, int height, /*Window height, window width*/ bool windowed, /*Window windowed or fullscreen?*/ D3DDEVTYPE deviceType, /*Device type (HAL or REF)*/ IDirect3DDevice9** device) /*Device*/ { WNDCLASS wc; /*Make wc an instance of WNDCLASS*/ /*Fill out the WNDCLASS class*/ /*Class style*/ wc.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW; /*Pointer to the window procedure*/ wc.lpfnWndProc = (WNDPROC)d3d::WndProc; /*Extra memory slot*/ wc.cbClsExtra = 0; /*Extra memory slot*/ wc.cbWndExtra = 0; /*Handle to our application instance*/ wc.hInstance = hInstance; /*Window icon*/ wc.hIcon = LoadIcon(0, IDI_APPLICATION); /*Window cursor*/ wc.hCursor = LoadCursor(0, IDC_ARROW); /*Background colour of the client window*/ wc.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)GetStockObject(WHITE_BRUSH); /*Window menu*/ wc.lpszMenuName = 0; /*Name of the window class structure that we are creating*/ wc.lpszClassName = "Direct3D9App"; if (!RegisterClass(&wc)) { MessageBox(0, "RegisterClass() - FAILED!", "Error", 0); return 0; } HWND hwnd = 0; /*Handle for main window*/ hwnd = CreateWindowEx( /*Create a window using our handle for our main window*/ 0, /*Extended styles*/ "Direct3D9App", /*ClassName*/ "Direct3D9App", /*Window name*/ WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW, /*Window styles*/ CW_USEDEFAULT, /*Where the window ends up(width)*/ CW_USEDEFAULT, /*Where the window ends up(height)*/ width, /*Width of the window in pixels*/ height, /*Height of the window in pixels*/ hwnd, /*Window handle*/ NULL, /*Menu*/ hInstance, /*Our window instance handle*/ NULL); /*Long pointer to the window*/ if(!hwnd)/*If hwnd fails*/ { MessageBox(0, "CreateWindowEx() - FAILED!", "Error", 0); return 0; } ShowWindow(hwnd, SW_SHOW); /*Show the window*/ UpdateWindow(hwnd); /*Update the window*/ HRESULT hr = 0; /*A variable to check if a function works properly*/ /*Step 1, Create the IDirect3D9 object*/ IDirect3D9* d3d9 = 0; d3d9 = Direct3DCreate9(D3D_SDK_VERSION); if(!d3d9) { MessageBox(0, "Direct3DCreate9() - FAILED!", "Error", 0); return 0; /*Return false*/ } /*Step 2, Check for Hardware vp(VertexProcessing)*/ D3DCAPS9 caps; d3d9->GetDeviceCaps(D3DADAPTER_DEFAULT, deviceType, &caps); int vp = 0; /*Vertex processing variable*/ if(caps.DevCaps & D3DDEVCAPS_HWTRANSFORMANDLIGHT) /*If hardware vp is supported*/ { vp = D3DCREATE_HARDWARE_VERTEXPROCESSING; /*Create hardware VertexProcessing*/ } else { vp = D3DCREATE_SOFTWARE_VERTEXPROCESSING; /*Create Software Vertwx Processing*/ } /*Step 3, Fill out the D3DPRESENT_PARAMETERS structure*/ D3DPRESENT_PARAMETERS d3dpp; /*The backbuffer width in pixels*/ d3dpp.BackBufferWidth = width; /*The backbuffer height in pixels*/ d3dpp.BackBufferHeight = height; /*The pixel format of the backbuffer eg(Alpha - 8, Red - 8, Green - 8, Blue - 8 = 32-bit pixel format)*/ d3dpp.BackBufferFormat = D3DFMT_A8R8G8B8; /*How many backbuffers we want*/ d3dpp.BackBufferCount = 1; /*The type of multisampling we want to use with the backbuffer*/ d3dpp.MultiSampleType = D3DMULTISAMPLE_NONE; /*The quality level of the multisampling*/ d3dpp.MultiSampleQuality = 0; /*Specify how the buffers in the flipping chain will be swapped*/ d3dpp.SwapEffect = D3DSWAPEFFECT_DISCARD; /*The window handle associated with the device*/ d3dpp.hDeviceWindow = hwnd; /*Specify true to run in windowed mode, false to run in fullscreen mode*/ d3dpp.Windowed = windowed; /*Set to true to have Direct3D create and maintain the depth/stencil buffer automatically*/ d3dpp.EnableAutoDepthStencil = true; /*The format of the depth/stencil format eg(24-bit depth with 8 bits reserved for the stencil buffer*/ d3dpp.AutoDepthStencilFormat = D3DFMT_D24S8; /*Some additional characteristics*/ d3dpp.Flags = 0; /*Refresh rate*/ d3dpp.FullScreen_RefreshRateInHz = D3DPRESENT_RATE_DEFAULT; /*Describes the refresh rate between the adapter refresh rate and the rate which IDirect3DDevice9::Present operations are completed*/ d3dpp.PresentationInterval = D3DPRESENT_INTERVAL_IMMEDIATE; /*Step 4, Create the Device*/ hr = d3d9->CreateDevice( D3DADAPTER_DEFAULT, /*Primary Adapter*/ deviceType, /*Device type*/ hwnd, /*Window associated with the device*/ vp, /*VertexProcessing*/ &d3dpp, /*Present parameters*/ device); /*Return the created device*/ if(FAILED(hr)) /*If creating the device failed*/ { /*Try again using a 16-bit depth buffer*/ d3dpp.AutoDepthStencilFormat = D3DFMT_D16; hr = d3d9->CreateDevice( D3DADAPTER_DEFAULT, /*Primary Adapter*/ deviceType, /*Device type*/ hwnd, /*Window associated with the device*/ vp, /*VertexProcessing*/ &d3dpp, /*Present parameters*/ device); /*Return the created device*/ } if(FAILED(hr)) /*If it failed again*/ { d3d9->Release(); /*Done with the d3d9 object*/ MessageBox(0, "CreateDevice() - FAILED!", "Error", 0); return 0; /*Return false*/ } d3d9->Release(); /*Done with the d3d9 object*/ return 1; /*Return true*/ } int d3d::EnterMsgLoop(bool (*ptr_display)(float timeDelta)) { MSG msg; /*Message handler*/ ZeroMemory(&msg, sizeof(MSG)); /*Set everything in the message loop to zero*/ static float lastTime = (float)timeGetTime(); /*While msg doesn't = WM_QUIT(quit the program), execute the message loop*/ while(msg.message != WM_QUIT) /*Start of message loop*/ { /*Check to see for any messages in the message queue and see if any of them need processing*/ if(PeekMessage(&msg, 0, 0, 0, PM_REMOVE)) { /*Translate virtual-key messages into character messages*/ TranslateMessage(&msg); /*Dispatch a message to the windows procedure*/ DispatchMessage(&msg); } else { float currTime = (float)timeGetTime(); float timeDelta = (currTime - lastTime)* 0.001f; ptr_display(timeDelta); lastTime = currTime; } } return msg.wParam; }
Thanks in advance.... Oh yes, and any of you who can remember helping me with the classes thing, it didn't work, it WOULDN'T work!!! Thanks anyways though.Code:/*d3dInit.cpp*/ #include "d3dUtility.h" /*Global Variable*/ IDirect3DDevice9* Device = 0; /*Hold the Vertex buffer*/ IDirect3DVertexBuffer9* VB = 0; /*Hold the Index Buffer*/ IDirect3DIndexBuffer9* IB = 0; /*Define the screen resolutions*/ const int Width = 640; const int Height = 480; struct Vertex /*Create a new custom abstract structure called Vertex*/ { Vertex(){}; /*Constructor*/ Vertex(float x, float y, float z) /*Overloaded Constructor which takes 3 paremeters*/ { _x = x; /*Make _x the same as x*/ _y = y; /*Make _y the same as y*/ _z = z; /*Make _z the same as z*/ } float _x, _y, _z; /*Declare 3 floating point variables*/ static const DWORD FVF; /*Make a FVF(Flexible Vertex Format) variable*/ }; const DWORD Vertex::FVF = D3DFVF_XYZ; /*Set the FVF flags*/ /*Framework function*/ bool Setup() { /*Create the Vertex Buffer*/ Device->CreateVertexBuffer( 8 * sizeof(Vertex), /*The number of bytes to allocate for the buffer*/ D3DUSAGE_WRITEONLY, /*Specifies that the application will only write to the buffer*/ Vertex::FVF, /*Flexible Vertex Format of the vertices in the vertex buffer*/ D3DPOOL_MANAGED, /*The memory pool in which the buffer is placed*/ &VB, /*Pointer to receive the Vertex buffer*/ 0); /*Not used, set to zero*/ /*Create the Index Buffer*/ Device->CreateIndexBuffer( 36 * sizeof(WORD), /*The number of bytes to allocate for the buffer*/ D3DUSAGE_WRITEONLY, /*Specifies that the application will only write to the buffer*/ D3DFMT_INDEX32, /*Specifies the size of the indices. e.g(D3DFMT_INDEX32 = 32-bit indices*/ D3DPOOL_MANAGED, /*The memory pool in which the buffer is placed*/ &IB, /*Pointer to receive the Index Buffer*/ 0); /*Not used, Set to zero*/ /*Make vertices an instance of Vertex*/ Vertex* vertices; /*Lock the Vertex buffer to access it's memory*/ VB->Lock( 0, /*Offset, in bytes, from the start of the buffer to the location to begin the lock*/ 0, /*Number of bytes to lock*/ (void**)&vertices, /*A pointer to the start of the locked memory, converted from Vertex** to void** */ 0); /*Flags describing how the lock is done*/ /*Vertices of a unit cube*/ vertices[0] = Vertex(-1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f); /*Lower left front corner*/ vertices[1] = Vertex(-1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f); /*Upper left front corner*/ vertices[2] = Vertex(1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f); /*Upper right front corner*/ vertices[3] = Vertex(1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f); /*Lower right front corner*/ vertices[4] = Vertex(-1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f); /*Lower left back corner*/ vertices[5] = Vertex(-1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f); /*Upper left back corner*/ vertices[6] = Vertex(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f); /*Upper right back corner*/ vertices[7] = Vertex(1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f); /*Lower right back corner*/ VB->Unlock(); /*Unlock the Vertex buffer*/ /*Define the triangles of the cube*/ WORD* indices = 0; /*Lock the index buffer to access it's memory*/ IB->Lock( 0, /*Offset, in bytes, from the start of the buffer to the location to begin the lock*/ 0, /*Number of bytes to lock*/ (void**)&indices, /*A pointer to the start of the locked memory, converted from WORD** to void** */ 0); /*Flags describing how the lock is done*/ /*Front side*/ indices[0] = 0; indices[1] = 1; indices[2] = 2; indices[3] = 0; indices[4] = 2; indices[5] = 3; /*Back side*/ indices[6] = 4; indices[7] = 6; indices[8] = 5; indices[9] = 4; indices[10] = 7; indices[11] = 6; /*Left side*/ indices[12] = 4; indices[13] = 5; indices[14] = 1; indices[15] = 4; indices[16] = 1; indices[17] = 0; /*Right side*/ indices[18] = 3; indices[19] = 2; indices[20] = 6; indices[21] = 3; indices[22] = 6; indices[23] = 7; /*Top*/ indices[24] = 1; indices[25] = 5; indices[26] = 6; indices[27] = 1; indices[28] = 6; indices[29] = 2; /*Bottom*/ indices[30] = 4; indices[31] = 0; indices[32] = 3; indices[33] = 4; indices[34] = 3; indices[35] = 7; IB->Unlock(); /*Unlock the Index buffer*/ /*Position and aim the camera*/ D3DXVECTOR3 position(0.0f, 0.0f, -5.0f); D3DXVECTOR3 target(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f); D3DXVECTOR3 up(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f); D3DXMATRIX V; /*Calculate the view space transformation*/ D3DXMatrixLookAtLH( &V, /*Pointer to recieve resulting in view matrix*/ &position, /*Position of the camera in the world*/ &target, /*The point that the camera is looking at in the world*/ &up); /*The world's up vector - (0, 1, 0)*/ /*Set the view space transformation*/ Device->SetTransform(D3DTS_VIEW, &V); /*Calculate the Projection transformation*/ D3DXMATRIX proj; D3DXMatrixPerspectiveFovLH( &proj, /*Returns projection matrix*/ D3DX_PI * 0.5f, /*Vertical field of view angle in radians(90 degrees)*/ (float)Width / (float)Height, /*Aspect ratio = width/height*/ 1.0f, /*Distance to near plane*/ 1000.0f); /*Distance to far plane*/ /*Set the Projection matrix*/ Device->SetTransform(D3DTS_PROJECTION, &proj); /*Set the Render state*/ Device->SetRenderState(D3DRS_FILLMODE, D3DFILL_WIREFRAME); return 1; /*Return true*/ } /*Framework Function*/ void CleanUp() { /*Release the vertex and index buffers with our template Release function*/ d3d::Release<IDirect3DVertexBuffer9*>(VB); d3d::Release<IDirect3DIndexBuffer9*>(IB); } bool Display(float timeDelta) { if(Device) /*If we have a valid device*/ { /*Declare variables that will spin the cube*/ D3DXMATRIX Rx, Ry; /*Rotate the cube on a 45 degree angle on the x-axis*/ D3DXMatrixRotationX(&Rx, 3.14f / 4.0f); /*Increment the y-rotation angle at each frame*/ static float y = 0.0f; D3DXMatrixRotationY(&Ry, y); y += timeDelta; /*Reset the angle to zero when it reaches 2*PI*/ if(y >= 6.28f) y = 0.0f; /*Combine rotations*/ D3DMATRIX p = Rx * Ry; /*Set the World view matrix*/ Device->SetTransform(D3DTS_WORLD, &p); /*Draw the scene*/ Device->Clear( 0, /*Number of rectangles in the pRects array*/ 0, /*An array of screen rectangles to clear*/ /*Specify which surfaces to clear eg(D3DCLEAR_TARGET = clear the backbuffer, D3DCLEAR_ZBUFFER = clear the depth buffer)*/ D3DCLEAR_TARGET | D3DCLEAR_ZBUFFER, 0xFFFFFFFF, /*Clear the colour to black*/ 1.0f, /*The value of which we want to set our z buffer to*/ 0); /*The value of which we want to set our stencil buffer to*/ /*Call the BeginScene and EndScene methods to start drawing the scene*/ Device->BeginScene(); Device->SetStreamSource( 0, /*Identifies the Stream scource to which we are hooking the vertex buffer*/ VB, /*A pointer to a Vertex buffer that we want to hook to the stream*/ 0, /*An offset from the start of the stream, measure in bytes*/ sizeof(Vertex)); /*Size in bytes of each element in the Vertex buffer*/ /*Set the index buffer that we are using with our drawing operations*/ Device->SetIndices(IB); /*Set the Vertex format that we are using in our drawing operations*/ Device->SetFVF(Vertex::FVF); /*Draw the object*/ Device->DrawIndexedPrimitive( D3DPT_TRIANGLELIST, 0, 0, 8, 0, 12); Device->EndScene(); /*Swap the back and front buffers*/ Device->Present(0, 0, 0, 0); } return true; } /*windows procedure defenition*/ LRESULT CALLBACK d3d::WndProc(HWND hwnd, UINT msg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam) { switch(msg) { case WM_DESTROY: PostQuitMessage(0); break; case WM_KEYDOWN: if( wParam == VK_ESCAPE) DestroyWindow(hwnd); break; } return DefWindowProc(hwnd, msg, wParam, lParam); } /*WinMain definition*/ int WINAPI WinMain( HINSTANCE hInstance, /*Handle to the current application instance*/ HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, /*Not used in 32-bit Win32 programming and is 0*/ LPSTR cmdLine, /*Command line argument string used to run the program*/ int cmdShow) /*Specifies how the application window should be displayed*/ { if(!d3d::InitD3D( /*If InitD3D fails*/ hInstance, /*Application instance*/ 450, /*Application width*/ 375, /*Application height*/ true, /*Windowed?*/ D3DDEVTYPE_HAL, /*DeviceType*/ &Device)) /*Device*/ { MessageBox(0, "InitD3D() - FAILED!", "Error", 0); return 0; } if(!Setup()) /*If setup fails*/ { MessageBox(0, "Setup() - FAILED!", "Error", 0); return 0; } d3d::EnterMsgLoop(Display); /*Pump the message loop*/ CleanUp(); /*CleanUp*/ Device->Release(); /*Done with the device*/ return 0; /*Return false*/ }
