Thread: Values changing without reason?

  1. #1
    Registered User
    Join Date
    Apr 2007
    Posts
    5

    Values changing without reason?

    I'm having problems with the below code. Basically, every time the function ADPCMEncoder is called, prevsample and previndex get reset to 0, for no reason that I can see... I've set a breakpoint on the last line of ADPCMEncoder after they're assigned values and they're fine, then when I set a breakpoint in main on the line after the function call, they've become 0, but I can't see what's making them do it?!

    Includes/global variables etc:
    Code:
    #include <stdio.h>
    #include <stdlib.h>
    #include <string.h>
    #include <io.h>
    
    signed char IndexTable[16] = 
    {
    	-1,-1,-1,-1,2,4,6,8,-1,-1,-1,-1,2,4,6,8
    };
    
    short StepSizeTable[89] = 
    {
    	7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17,
    	19, 21, 23, 25, 28, 31, 34, 37, 41, 45,
    	50, 55, 60, 66, 73, 80, 88, 97, 107, 118,
    	130, 143, 157, 173, 190, 209, 230, 253, 279, 307,
    	337, 371, 408, 449, 494, 544, 598, 658, 724, 796,
    	876, 963, 1060, 1166, 1282, 1411, 1552, 1707, 1878, 2066,
    	2272, 2499, 2749, 3024, 3327, 3660, 4026, 4428, 4871, 5358,
    	5894, 6484, 7132, 7845, 8630, 9493, 10442, 11487, 12635, 13899,
    	15289, 16818, 18500, 20350, 22385, 24623, 27086, 29794, 32767
    };
    
    short sample;
    long prevsample; 
    long previndex;

    ADPCMEncoder:
    Code:
    unsigned char ADPCMEncoder(short sample , long prevsample, long previndex)
    {
    	unsigned char code;		
    	long diff;		
    	long step;		
    	long predsample;		
    	long diffq;		
    	long index;	
    	long tempstep;
    
    	/* Restore previous values of predicted sample and quantizer step
    	   size index
    	*/
    	predsample = prevsample;
    	index = previndex;
    	step = StepSizeTable[index];
    
    
    	/* Compute the difference between the acutal sample (sample) and the
    	   the predicted sample (predsample)
    	*/
    	diff = sample - predsample;
    	if(diff >= 0) code = 0;
    	
    	else
    	{
    		code = 8;
    		diff = -diff;
    	}
    
    	/* Quantize the difference into the 4-bit ADPCM code using the
    	   the quantizer step size
    	*/
    
    	tempstep = step;
    	if(diff >= tempstep)
    	{
          code = (code | 4);
          diff = diff - tempstep;
    	}
      
        tempstep = tempstep/2;
        if(diff >= tempstep)
    	{    
    		code = (code | 2);
    		diff = diff-tempstep;
    	}
    
        tempstep = tempstep/2;
        if(diff >= tempstep) 
    	{
    		code = (code | 1);
    	}
    
    
    	/* Inverse quantize the ADPCM code into a predicted difference
    	   using the quantizer step size
    	*/
    	diffq = step >> 3;
    
    	if (code & 4) diffq = diffq + step;
    
        if (code & 2) diffq = diffq + step/2;
    
        if (code & 1) diffq = diffq + step/4;
     
        if (code & 8) predsample = predsample - diffq;
       
    	else predsample = predsample + diffq;
     
    	/* Fixed predictor computes new predicted sample by adding the
    	   old predicted sample to predicted difference
    	*/
    	if(code & 8)
    		predsample -= diffq;
    	else
    		predsample += diffq;
    
    	/* Check for overflow of the new predicted sample
    	*/
    	if(predsample > 32767) predsample = 32767;
    	else if(predsample < -32768) predsample = -32768;
    
    	/* Find new quantizer stepsize index by adding the old index
    	   to a table lookup using the ADPCM code
    	*/
    	index += IndexTable[ code];
    
    	/* Check for overflow of the new quantizer step size index
    	*/
    	if(index < 0) index = 0;
    	if(index > 88) index = 88;
    
    	/* Save the predicted sample and quantizer step size index for
    	   next iteration
    	*/
    	prevsample = (short)(predsample);
    	previndex = index;
    
    	/* Return the new ADPCM code
    	*/
    	return (code & 0x0f);
    }
    Main:
    Code:
    void main(int argc, char **argv)
    {
    	FILE *infile, *tempout, *outfile;
    	int i, j;
    	int inhandle;
    	int fileindex = 0; 
    	int filesize;
    	char newname[11] = "file";
    	char number[3];
    	unsigned char code;
    	
    	// Check for at least one input file
    	if (argc < 2) 	  
    	{
    		printf("Command line parameters incorrect. Please specify at least one audio file to encode.\n"); 
    		return;
     	}
    
    	// Compress audio files
    	for (i = 1; i <= (argc - 1); i++)
    	{
    		// Open input file 
    		if ((infile = fopen(argv[i],"r")) == NULL) 
    		{			
    			printf("Cannot open %s.\n", argv[i]);
    			return;
    		}
    
    		// Open temp output file
    		if ((tempout = fopen("tempout.adp","w")) == NULL) 
    		{			
    			printf("Cannot open temporary output file.\n");
    			return;
    		}
    
    		inhandle = fileno(infile);
    		filesize = filelength(inhandle);
    
    		for (j = 0; j <= (filesize/4); j++)
    		{
    			fread(&sample, sizeof(short), 1, infile); // Read first sample
    			code = ADPCMEncoder(sample, prevsample, previndex);	// Encode sample into lower nibble of code
    			code = (code << 4) & 0xf0;	// Move ADPCM code to upper nibble
    			
    			// If odd number of samples, do not wait for second nibble of last byte
    			if((j == (filesize/4)) && ((filesize/2)%2 != 0))	
    			{
    				fwrite(&code, sizeof(unsigned char), 1, tempout);
    				break;
    			}
    			
    			fread(&sample, sizeof(short), 1, infile); // Read second sample
    			code |= ADPCMEncoder(sample, prevsample, previndex);	// Encode sample and save in lower nibble of code
    			fwrite(&code, sizeof(unsigned char), 1, tempout);	// Write code to file
    		}
    
    		fclose(infile);
    		fclose(tempout);
    	
    		itoa(i, number, 10);
    
    		strcat(newname, number);
    		strcat(newname, ".adp");
    		rename("tempout.adp", newname);
    		remove("tempout.adp");
    	}

  2. #2
    and the hat of int overfl Salem's Avatar
    Join Date
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    > if ((infile = fopen(argv[i],"r")) == NULL)
    If this is a binary file, then you should use "rb" (and "wb" for writing), otherwise end of line character translations can make a real mess of your data.

    Likewise, such translations can make your simple attempt to work out the length of the file meaningless. Always use the result of fread() to decide on success/fail, not some 'guess' as to how many times around the loop you should go.
    If you dance barefoot on the broken glass of undefined behaviour, you've got to expect the occasional cut.
    If at first you don't succeed, try writing your phone number on the exam paper.

  3. #3
    Officially An Architect brewbuck's Avatar
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    Quote Originally Posted by subtled View Post
    I'm having problems with the below code. Basically, every time the function ADPCMEncoder is called, prevsample and previndex get reset to 0, for no reason that I can see... I've set a breakpoint on the last line of ADPCMEncoder after they're assigned values and they're fine, then when I set a breakpoint in main on the line after the function call, they've become 0, but I can't see what's making them do it?!
    Throw it in a debugger and put a watch point on one of those variables. It'll break at the moment it changes, and you can see what's doing it. None of the code you posted appears to be capable of causing this.

    There are usually two possibilities why a global variable is improperly overwritten. One, you may be overrunning some global buffer somewhere, and stepping on the other variables. Two, you may have made a change to a header file which changed the size of some structure (and therefore the arrangement of global variables in memory), but failed to correctly recompile a module which uses that structure.

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