Thread: Function call from another .c module

  1. #1
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    Post Function call from another .c module

    hello guys

    I'm very new to C-Programming and I'm learning quite well. i need to know how to call a function that is in another .c file.
    for example:
    i have module called: bt_server.c , in this file there is a function called int bt_send();
    now i need to call this function from in my other module which name is http.c.
    how can i do this using header files?

    thanks in advance

  2. #2
    and the hat of int overfl Salem's Avatar
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    bt_server.h contains
    Code:
    int bt_send();
    Both bt_server.c AND http.c have
    Code:
    #include "bt_server.h"
    Both bt_server.c AND http.c are listed in your project source file list (however you manage multiple source files)
    If you dance barefoot on the broken glass of undefined behaviour, you've got to expect the occasional cut.
    If at first you don't succeed, try writing your phone number on the exam paper.

  3. #3
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    Post

    yes.
    i did this but i get an error when i compile using this command:
    Code:
    gcc http.c -o http
    the error is:
    Code:
    undefined reference to `bt_send'
    although, i have all of the files in the same folder:

    here's my source code:
    http.c:
    Code:
    //http.c
    #include <sys/socket.h>       
    #include <sys/types.h>        
    #include <sys/wait.h>         
    #include <arpa/inet.h>        
    #include <unistd.h>           
    #include <errno.h>
    #include <stdio.h>
    #include <stdlib.h>
    #include <fcntl.h>
    #include <string.h>
    #include <ctype.h>
    #include <sys/time.h>
    #include "server.h"
    #include "http.h"
    
    #define SERVER_PORT (8080)
    
    static char web_pages_path[1000] = "./web_pages";
    
    /*  main() funcion  */
    
    int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
    
        int sock;
        int conn;
        pid_t  pid;
        struct sockaddr_in servaddr;
        
    
        /*  Create socket  */
    
        //if ( (sock = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0)) < 0 )
    	//Error_Quit("Couldn't create listening socket.");
    
    	sock = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
    
    
        /*  Populate socket address structure  */
    
        memset(&servaddr, 0, sizeof(servaddr));
        servaddr.sin_family      = AF_INET;
        servaddr.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_ANY);
        servaddr.sin_port        = htons(SERVER_PORT);
    
    
        /*  Assign socket address to socket  */ 
    
        //if ( bind(sock, (struct sockaddr *) &servaddr, sizeof(servaddr)) < 0 )
    	//Error_Quit("Couldn't bind listening socket.");
    
    	bind(sock, (struct sockaddr *) &servaddr, sizeof(servaddr));
    
        /*  Make socket a listening socket  */
    
        //if ( listen(sock, LISTENQ) < 0 )
    	//Error_Quit("Call to listen failed.");
    
    	listen(sock, LISTENQ);
    
    
        /*  Loop infinitely to accept and service connections  */
    
        while ( 1 ) {
    
    	/*  Wait for connection  */
    
    	if ( (conn = accept(sock, NULL, NULL)) < 0 )
    	    Error_Quit("Error calling accept()");
    
    
    	/*  Fork child process to service connection  */
    
    	if ( (pid = fork()) == 0 ) {
    
    	    /*  This is now the forked child process, so
    		close listening socket and service request   */
    
    	    if ( close(sock) < 0 )
    		Error_Quit("Error closing listening socket in child.");
    	    
    	    Service_Request(conn);
    
    
    	    /*  Close connected socket and exit  */
    
    	    if ( close(conn) < 0 )
    		Error_Quit("Error closing connection socket.");
    	    exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
    	}
    
    
    	/*  If we get here, we are still in the parent process,
    	    so close the connected socket, clean up child processes,
    	    and go back to accept a new connection.                   */
    
    	if ( close(conn) < 0 )
    	    Error_Quit("Error closing connection socket in parent.");
    
    	waitpid(-1, NULL, WNOHANG);
        }
    
        return EXIT_FAILURE;    /*  We shouldn't get here  */
    }
    //===========================================servreq====
    /*  Service an HTTP request  */
    
    int Service_Request(int conn) {
    
        struct ReqInfo  reqinfo;
        int             resource = 0;
    
        InitReqInfo(&reqinfo);
    
        
        /*  Get HTTP request  */
    
        if ( Get_Request(conn, &reqinfo) < 0 )
    	return -1;
    
        
        /*  Check whether resource exists, whether we have permission
    	to access it, and update status code accordingly.          */
    
        if ( reqinfo.status == 200 )
    	if ( (resource = Check_Resource(&reqinfo)) < 0 ) {
    	    if ( errno == EACCES )
    		reqinfo.status = 401;
    	    else
    		reqinfo.status = 404;
    	}
    
        /*  Output HTTP response headers if we have a full request  */
    
        if ( reqinfo.type == FULL )
    	Output_HTTP_Headers(conn, &reqinfo);
    
    
        /*  Service the HTTP request  */
    
        if ( reqinfo.status == 200 ) {
    	if ( Return_Resource(conn, resource, &reqinfo) )
    	    Error_Quit("Something wrong returning resource.");
        }
        else
    	Return_Error_Msg(conn, &reqinfo);
    
    
        if ( resource > 0 )
    	if ( close(resource) < 0 )
    	    Error_Quit("Error closing resource.");
        FreeReqInfo(&reqinfo);
    
        return 0;
    }
    //=====================resource============
    /*  Returns a resource  */
    
    int Return_Resource(int conn, int resource, struct ReqInfo * reqinfo) {
    
        char c;
        int  i;
    
        while ( (i = read(resource, &c, 1)) ) {
    	if ( i < 0 )
    	    Error_Quit("Error reading from file.");
    	if ( write(conn, &c, 1) < 1 )
    	    Error_Quit("Error sending file.");
        }
    
        return 0;
    }
    
    
    /*  Tries to open a resource. The calling function can use
        the return value to check for success, and then examine
        errno to determine the cause of failure if neceesary.    */
    
    int Check_Resource(struct ReqInfo * reqinfo) {
    
        /*  Resource name can contain urlencoded
    	data, so clean it up just in case.    */
    
        CleanURL(reqinfo->resource);
    
        
        /*  Concatenate resource name to server root, and try to open  */
    
        strcat(web_pages_path, reqinfo->resource);
        return open(web_pages_path, O_RDONLY);
    }
    
    //modify this to show msg successfull
    /*  Returns an error message  */
    
    int Return_Error_Msg(int conn, struct ReqInfo * reqinfo) {
        
        char buffer[100];
    
        sprintf(buffer, "<HTML>\n<HEAD>\n<TITLE>Base Command Center | Message Sent</TITLE>\n"
    	            "</HEAD>\n\n", reqinfo->status);
        Writeline(conn, buffer, strlen(buffer));
    
        sprintf(buffer, "<BODY>\n<H1>Message Sent Successfully</H1>\n", reqinfo->status);
        Writeline(conn, buffer, strlen(buffer));
    
        sprintf(buffer, "<P>The message has been sent successfully. You may click back now to return to home page.</P>\n"
    	            "</BODY>\n</HTML>\n");
        Writeline(conn, buffer, strlen(buffer));
    	
        return 0;
    
    }
    //=============================reqhead========================
    /*  Parses a string and updates a request
        information structure if necessary.    */
    
    int Parse_HTTP_Header(char * buffer, struct ReqInfo * reqinfo) {
    
        static int first_header = 1;
        char      *temp;
        char      *endptr;
        int        len;
    
    
        if ( first_header == 1 ) {
    
    	/*  If first_header is 0, this is the first line of
    	    the HTTP request, so this should be the request line.  */
    
    
    	/*  Get the request method, which is case-sensitive. This
    	    version of the server only supports the GET and HEAD
    	    request methods.                                        */
    
    	if ( !strncmp(buffer, "GET ", 4) ) {
    	    reqinfo->method = GET;
    		printf("#:%s\n", buffer);
    		//Return_Resource(conn, resource, &reqinfo)
    		//bt_send();
    	    buffer += 4;
    	}
    	else if ( !strncmp(buffer, "HEAD ", 5) ) {
    	    reqinfo->method = HEAD;
    	    buffer += 5;
    	}
    	else {
    	    reqinfo->method = UNSUPPORTED;
    	    reqinfo->status = 501;
    	    return -1;
    	}
    
    
    	/*  Skip to start of resource  */
    
    	while ( *buffer && isspace(*buffer) )
    	    buffer++;
    
    
    	/*  Calculate string length of resource...  */
    
    	endptr = strchr(buffer, ' ');
    	if ( endptr == NULL )
    	    len = strlen(buffer);
    	else
    	    len = endptr - buffer;
    	if ( len == 0 ) {
    	    reqinfo->status = 400;
    	    return -1;
    	}
    
    	/*  ...and store it in the request information structure.  */
    
    	reqinfo->resource = calloc(len + 1, sizeof(char));
    	strncpy(reqinfo->resource, buffer, len);
    
    	
    	/*  Test to see if we have any HTTP version information.
    	    If there isn't, this is a simple HTTP request, and we
    	    should not try to read any more headers. For simplicity,
    	    we don't bother checking the validity of the HTTP version
    	    information supplied - we just assume that if it is
    	    supplied, then it's a full request.                        */
    
    	if ( strstr(buffer, "HTTP/") )
    	    reqinfo->type = FULL;
    	else
    	    reqinfo->type = SIMPLE;
    
    	first_header = 0;
    	return 0;
        }
    
    
        /*  If we get here, we have further headers aside from the
    	request line to parse, so this is a "full" HTTP request.  */
    
        /*  HTTP field names are case-insensitive, so make an
    	upper-case copy of the field name to aid comparison.
    	We need to make a copy of the header up until the colon.
    	If there is no colon, we return a status code of 400
    	(bad request) and terminate the connection. Note that
    	HTTP/1.0 allows (but discourages) headers to span multiple
    	lines if the following lines start with a space or a
    	tab. For simplicity, we do not allow this here.              */
    
        endptr = strchr(buffer, ':');
        if ( endptr == NULL ) {
    	reqinfo->status = 400;
    	return -1;
        }
    
        temp = calloc( (endptr - buffer) + 1, sizeof(char) );
        strncpy(temp, buffer, (endptr - buffer));
        StrUpper(temp);
    
    
        /*  Increment buffer so that it now points to the value.
    	If there is no value, just return.                    */
    
        buffer = endptr + 1;
        while ( *buffer && isspace(*buffer) )
    	++buffer;
        if ( *buffer == '\0' )
         	return 0;
    
    
        /*  Now update the request information structure with the
    	appropriate field value. This version only supports the
    	"Referer:" and "User-Agent:" headers, ignoring all others.  */
    
        if ( !strcmp(temp, "USER-AGENT") ) {
    	    reqinfo->useragent = malloc( strlen(buffer) + 1 );
    	    strcpy(reqinfo->useragent, buffer);
        }
        else if ( !strcmp(temp, "REFERER") ) {
    	    reqinfo->referer = malloc( strlen(buffer) + 1 );
    	    strcpy(reqinfo->referer, buffer);
        }
    
        free(temp);
        return 0;
    }
    
    
    /*  Gets request headers. A CRLF terminates a HTTP header line,
        but if one is never sent we would wait forever. Therefore,
        we use select() to set a maximum length of time we will
        wait for the next complete header. If we timeout before
        this is received, we terminate the connection.               */
    
    int Get_Request(int conn, struct ReqInfo * reqinfo) {
    
        char   buffer[MAX_REQ_LINE] = {0};
        int    rval;
        fd_set fds;
        struct timeval tv;
    
    
        /*  Set timeout to 5 seconds  */
    
        tv.tv_sec  = 5;
        tv.tv_usec = 0;
    
    
        /*  Loop through request headers. If we have a simple request,
    	then we will loop only once. Otherwise, we will loop until
    	we receive a blank line which signifies the end of the headers,
    	or until select() times out, whichever is sooner.                */
    
        do {
    
    	/*  Reset file descriptor set  */
    
    	FD_ZERO(&fds);
    	FD_SET (conn, &fds);
    
    
    	/*  Wait until the timeout to see if input is ready  */
    
    	rval = select(conn + 1, &fds, NULL, NULL, &tv);
    
    
    	/*  Take appropriate action based on return from select()  */
    
    	if ( rval < 0 ) {
    	    Error_Quit("Error calling select() in get_request()");
    	}
    	else if ( rval == 0 ) {
    
    	    /*  input not ready after timeout  */
    
    	    return -1;
    
    	}
    	else {
    
    	    /*  We have an input line waiting, so retrieve it  */
    
    	    Readline(conn, buffer, MAX_REQ_LINE - 1);
    	    Trim(buffer);
    
    	    if ( buffer[0] == '\0' )
    		break;
    
    	    if ( Parse_HTTP_Header(buffer, reqinfo) )
    		break;
    	}
        } while ( reqinfo->type != SIMPLE );
    
        return 0;
    }
    
    
    /*  Initialises a request information structure  */
    
    void InitReqInfo(struct ReqInfo * reqinfo) {
        reqinfo->useragent = NULL;
        reqinfo->referer   = NULL;
        reqinfo->resource  = NULL;
        reqinfo->method    = UNSUPPORTED;
        reqinfo->status    = 200;          
    }
    
    
    /*  Frees memory allocated for a request information structure  */
    
    void FreeReqInfo(struct ReqInfo * reqinfo) {
        if ( reqinfo->useragent )
    	free(reqinfo->useragent);
        if ( reqinfo->referer )
    	free(reqinfo->referer);
        if ( reqinfo->resource )
    	free(reqinfo->resource);
    }
    //=================================resphead=====================
    /*  Outputs HTTP response headers  */
    
    int Output_HTTP_Headers(int conn, struct ReqInfo * reqinfo) {
    
        char buffer[100];
    
        sprintf(buffer, "HTTP/1.0 %d OK\r\n", reqinfo->status);
        Writeline(conn, buffer, strlen(buffer));
    
        Writeline(conn, "Server: PGWebServ v0.1\r\n", 24);
        Writeline(conn, "Content-Type: text/html\r\n", 25);
        Writeline(conn, "\r\n", 2);
    
        return 0;
    }
    //=============================helper==========================
    /*  Prints an error message and quits  */
    
    void Error_Quit(char const * msg) {
        fprintf(stderr, "WEBSERV: %s\n", msg);
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
    
     
    /*  Read a line from a socket  */
    
    ssize_t Readline(int sockd, void *vptr, size_t maxlen) {
        ssize_t n, rc;
        char    c, *buffer;
    
        buffer = vptr;
    
        for ( n = 1; n < maxlen; n++ ) {
    	
    	if ( (rc = read(sockd, &c, 1)) == 1 ) {
    	    *buffer++ = c;
    	    if ( c == '\n' )
    		break;
    	}
    	else if ( rc == 0 ) {
    	    if ( n == 1 )
    		return 0;
    	    else
    		break;
    	}
    	else {
    	    if ( errno == EINTR )
    		continue;
    	    Error_Quit("Error in Readline()");
    	}
        }
    
        *buffer = 0;
        return n;
    }
    
    
    /*  Write a line to a socket  */
    
    ssize_t Writeline(int sockd, const void *vptr, size_t n) {
        size_t      nleft;
        ssize_t     nwritten;
        const char *buffer;
    
        buffer = vptr;
        nleft  = n;
    
        while ( nleft > 0 ) {
    	if ( (nwritten = write(sockd, buffer, nleft)) <= 0 ) {
    	    if ( errno == EINTR )
    		nwritten = 0;
    	    else
    		Error_Quit("Error in Writeline()");
    	}
    	nleft  -= nwritten;
    	buffer += nwritten;
        }
    
        return n;
    }
    
    
    /*  Removes trailing whitespace from a string  */
    
    int Trim(char * buffer) {
        int n = strlen(buffer) - 1;
    
        while ( !isalnum(buffer[n]) && n >= 0 )
    	buffer[n--] = '\0';
    
        return 0;
    }
    
    
    /*  Converts a string to upper-case  */
        
    int StrUpper(char * buffer) {
        while ( *buffer ) {
    	*buffer = toupper(*buffer);
    	++buffer;
        }
        return 0;
    }
    
    
    /*  Cleans up url-encoded string  */
    	
    void CleanURL(char * buffer) {
        char asciinum[3] = {0};
        int i = 0, c;
        
        while ( buffer[i] ) {
    	if ( buffer[i] == '+' )
    	    buffer[i] = ' ';
    	else if ( buffer[i] == '%' ) {
    	    asciinum[0] = buffer[i+1];
    	    asciinum[1] = buffer[i+2];
    	    buffer[i] = strtol(asciinum, NULL, 16);
    	    c = i+1;
    	    do {
    		buffer[c] = buffer[c+2];
    	    } while ( buffer[2+(c++)] );
    	}
    	++i;
        }
    }
    and this is server.c:
    Code:
    //rfcomm Server
    
    #include <stdio.h>
    #include <unistd.h>
    #include <sys/socket.h>
    #include <bluetooth/bluetooth.h>
    #include <bluetooth/rfcomm.h>
    #include <stdlib.h>
    #include "server.h"
    
    char buffer[1024] = { 0 };
    
    
    
    int bt_recv()
    {
    
    
        struct sockaddr_rc BASE_addr = { 0 }, CORE_addr = { 0 };
    
    	//variable deceleration
         int sock;
    	int client;
    	int bytes_read;
    
        socklen_t opt = sizeof(CORE_addr);
    
        // Socket Allocation
        sock = socket(AF_BLUETOOTH, SOCK_STREAM, BTPROTO_RFCOMM);
    
        // Socket Binding
        BASE_addr.rc_family = AF_BLUETOOTH;
        BASE_addr.rc_bdaddr = *BDADDR_ANY;
        BASE_addr.rc_channel = (uint8_t) 1;
        bind(sock, (struct sockaddr *)&BASE_addr, sizeof(BASE_addr));
    
        // put socket into listening mode
        listen(sock, 1);
    
        // accept incomming connection
        client = accept(sock, (struct sockaddr *)&CORE_addr, &opt);
    
        ba2str( &CORE_addr.rc_bdaddr, buffer );
        fprintf(stderr, "accepted connection from %s\n", buffer);
        memset(buffer, 0, sizeof(buffer));
    
        // read data after connection is established
        bytes_read = read(client, buffer, sizeof(buffer));
        if( bytes_read > 0 ) {
            printf("Received Command: %s \n", buffer);
    	   printf("Command Logged!\n");
    	   logger();
        }
    
        // close connection after sending
        close(client);
        close(sock);
        return 0;
    }
    //Logging Functions
    int logger()
    {
    	FILE *file;
    	file = fopen("file.txt","a+"); // apend file (add text to a file or create a file if it does not exist.
    	fprintf(file,"# Command = %s\n", buffer );
    	fclose(file);
    	return 0;
    }
    //send function?
    int bt_send()
    {
        struct sockaddr_rc addr = { 0 };
         int sock; //as in socket
    	int status;
         char mac_address[18] = "00:19:7E:F9:3B:92"; //Core's MAC Address
    
        // Scoket Allocation
        sock = socket(AF_BLUETOOTH, SOCK_STREAM, BTPROTO_RFCOMM);
    
        // set the connection parameters (who to connect to)
        addr.rc_family = AF_BLUETOOTH;
        addr.rc_channel = (uint8_t) 1;
        str2ba( mac_address, &addr.rc_bdaddr );
    
        // connect to server
        status = connect(sock, (struct sockaddr *)&addr, sizeof(addr));
    
        // send message - Write a message on the socket (sock)
        if( status == 0 ) {
            status = write(sock, "START", 6);
        }
    	
    	//error handling
        if( status < 0 ) perror("Error On Sending Message");
    	//Close Socket after sending 
        close(sock);
        return 0;
    }
    /*
    int main(int argc, char **argv)
    {
    	printf("Awaiting Connection...\n");
    	while (1)
    	{
    	bt_recv();
    	}
    }
    */
    and server.h:
    Code:
    //server.h
    //function prototypes
    
    #ifndef _SERVER_H
    
    #define	_SERVER_H
    
    #ifdef	__cplusplus
    
    extern "C" {
    
    #endif
    
    int bt_recv();
    int logger();
    int bt_send();
    
    #ifdef	__cplusplus
    
    }
    
    #endif
    
    #endif

  4. #4
    and the Hat of Guessing tabstop's Avatar
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    Quote Originally Posted by Salem
    Both bt_server.c AND http.c are listed in your project source file list (however you manage multiple source files)
    Quote Originally Posted by Ali.B View Post
    yes.
    i did this but i get an error when i compile using this command:
    Code:
    gcc http.c -o http
    If you had done this, your source file list would not contain only "http.c", but also btserver.c.

  5. #5
    Registered User
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    If you had done this, your source file list would not contain only "http.c", but also btserver.c.
    how? what do u mean? it doesn't hurt to be a little bit more clear, does it?

  6. #6
    C++まいる!Cをこわせ!
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    Compile ALL (source) files, not just http.c.
    Like gcc http.c btserver.c
    Quote Originally Posted by Adak View Post
    io.h certainly IS included in some modern compilers. It is no longer part of the standard for C, but it is nevertheless, included in the very latest Pelles C versions.
    Quote Originally Posted by Salem View Post
    You mean it's included as a crutch to help ancient programmers limp along without them having to relearn too much.

    Outside of your DOS world, your header file is meaningless.

  7. #7
    Registered User
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    thank you Elysia...
    don't i need to use -o sign?
    like:
    gcc http.c btserver.c -o something ?

  8. #8
    C++まいる!Cをこわせ!
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    I dunno how to use gcc, so I'll leave that to you. Just don't forget to always compile all of your .c files before linking them.
    Quote Originally Posted by Adak View Post
    io.h certainly IS included in some modern compilers. It is no longer part of the standard for C, but it is nevertheless, included in the very latest Pelles C versions.
    Quote Originally Posted by Salem View Post
    You mean it's included as a crutch to help ancient programmers limp along without them having to relearn too much.

    Outside of your DOS world, your header file is meaningless.

  9. #9
    Making mistakes
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    Yes, probably. You don't wanna ship an executable names a.out, right? You can also do this:

    gcc -c http.c
    gcc -c btserver.c
    gcc http.o btserver.o -o http

    The first one -c ompiles http.c independently (it doesn't link). The same with btserver.
    the third one links the two .o bject files together and puts the result in http. The advantage is, if btserver.c is changed, you don't need to rebuild http.c, which will be useful in larger projects.

    You should read more about the compilation process.

  10. #10
    Registered User
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    Post

    Quote Originally Posted by Brafil View Post
    Yes, probably. You don't wanna ship an executable names a.out, right? You can also do this:

    gcc -c http.c
    gcc -c btserver.c
    gcc http.o btserver.o -o http

    The first one -c ompiles http.c independently (it doesn't link). The same with btserver.
    the third one links the two .o bject files together and puts the result in http. The advantage is, if btserver.c is changed, you don't need to rebuild http.c, which will be useful in larger projects.

    You should read more about the compilation process.
    i think so too, i need to learn more about compilation , does any one know any good source for that?

    cheers

  11. #11
    C++ Witch laserlight's Avatar
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    Quote Originally Posted by Ali.B
    i think so too, i need to learn more about compilation , does any one know any good source for that?
    As in you would like to learn more about using your compiler, or you would like to learn more about how your compiler works?
    Quote Originally Posted by Bjarne Stroustrup (2000-10-14)
    I get maybe two dozen requests for help with some sort of programming or design problem every day. Most have more sense than to send me hundreds of lines of code. If they do, I ask them to find the smallest example that exhibits the problem and send me that. Mostly, they then find the error themselves. "Finding the smallest program that demonstrates the error" is a powerful debugging tool.
    Look up a C++ Reference and learn How To Ask Questions The Smart Way

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    Post

    Quote Originally Posted by laserlight View Post
    As in you would like to learn more about using your compiler, or you would like to learn more about how your compiler works?
    well, both
    how to work with it (as a matter of different commands and stuff) and how it works (as a matter of compilation process )
    thanks

  13. #13
    C++ Witch laserlight's Avatar
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    Quote Originally Posted by Ali.B
    how to work with it (as a matter of different commands and stuff)
    Refer to the appropriate manual in the GCC online documentation.

    Quote Originally Posted by Ali.B
    how it works (as a matter of compilation process )
    Searching the Web for "compiler design" might help (though you may end up needing to read a book or two).
    Quote Originally Posted by Bjarne Stroustrup (2000-10-14)
    I get maybe two dozen requests for help with some sort of programming or design problem every day. Most have more sense than to send me hundreds of lines of code. If they do, I ask them to find the smallest example that exhibits the problem and send me that. Mostly, they then find the error themselves. "Finding the smallest program that demonstrates the error" is a powerful debugging tool.
    Look up a C++ Reference and learn How To Ask Questions The Smart Way

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    cool

    thanks laserlight

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    It's also worth nothing that not all compilers have to be executed manually. There are IDEs out there that does the job for you. Code::Blocks (cross-platform) and Visual Studio are two popular examples.
    Quote Originally Posted by Adak View Post
    io.h certainly IS included in some modern compilers. It is no longer part of the standard for C, but it is nevertheless, included in the very latest Pelles C versions.
    Quote Originally Posted by Salem View Post
    You mean it's included as a crutch to help ancient programmers limp along without them having to relearn too much.

    Outside of your DOS world, your header file is meaningless.

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